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今天大亭為大家帶來我的「兩大經濟模型」，
歡迎您的訪問。
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Dear you，this is the Learing Yard Academy!
Today, Dating will brings you
「Two economic models」，
Welcome your visit!
循環流向圖
生物老師用塑料模型來講授植物器官等內部的構造，數學老師用數學公式來揭示生活中的函數規律。而經濟學家在考慮各種經濟問題時也用模型（包括圖形、方程式等），通過已有的經濟現象做出合理假設，研究佐證。所有模型——物理學的，生物學的，或經濟學的——都是為了增進我們對現實的理解而簡化了現實。
Biology teachers use plastic models to teach the internal structure of plant organs, and mathematics teachers use mathematical formulas to reveal the functional laws in life. Economists also use models (including graphs, equations, etc.) to make reasonable assumptions through existing economic phenomena when considering various economic problems. All models - physical, biological, or economic - simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of reality.
這個圖是一個直觀的經濟模型，這個模型稱為循環流向圖。在這個模型中，經濟由兩類決策者——家庭和企業——所組成。企業用勞動、土地和資本（建築物和機器）這些投入來生產物品和勞務，這些投入被稱為生產要素。家庭擁有生產要素並消費企業生產的所有物品與勞務。
This diagram is an intuitive economic model, which is called the circular flow diagram. In this model, the economy is composed of two types of decision-makers - households and enterprises. Enterprises use labor, land and capital (buildings and machines) to produce goods and services. These inputs are called production factors. Families own production factors and consume all goods and services produced by enterprises.
由家庭和企業作出決策，家庭和企業在物品與勞務市場(在這個市場上，家庭是買者而企業是賣者）以及生產要素市場(在這個市場上，企業是買者而家庭是賣者)的相互交易。外面一圈的箭頭表示貨幣的流向，而裡面一圈的箭頭表示相應的物品與勞務的流向。家庭在生產要素市場上把勞動、土地和資本出售給企業使用。然後企業用這些要素生產物品與勞務，這些物品與勞務又在物品與勞務市場上出售合家庭。因此，生產要素從家庭流向企業，而物品與勞務由企業流向家庭。循環流向圖外面一圈代表相應的貨幣流向。家庭支出貨幣去購買企業的物品與勞務。企業用這種銷售勺部分收益對生產要素進行支付，例如，企業工人的工資。所剩下的是企業所有者的利潤，企業所有者本也是家庭成員。因此，對物品與勞務的支出從家庭流向企業，而收入以工資、租金和利潤的形式從企業充向家庭。
The decision is made by families and enterprises, and the mutual transactions between families and enterprises in the goods and labor market (in this market, families are buyers and enterprises are sellers) and the factor of production market (in this market, enterprises are buyers and families are sellers). The arrow in the outer circle indicates the flow of money, while the arrow in the inner circle indicates the flow of corresponding goods and services. Families sell labor, land and capital to enterprises in the factor of production market. Then enterprises use these factors to produce goods and services, and these goods and services are sold in the goods and services market. Therefore, production factors flow from families to enterprises, while goods and services flow from enterprises to families. The outer circle of the circular flow diagram represents the corresponding currency flow direction. Families spend money to buy goods and services of enterprises. Enterprises use part of the proceeds from such sales spoon to pay for production factors, such as the wages of enterprise workers. What remains is the profit of the business owner, who is also a family member. Therefore, expenditure on goods and services flows from households to enterprises, while income flows from enterprises to households in the form of wages, rents and profits.
生產可能性邊界
生產可能性邊界表明，經濟可以生產該邊界線上或該邊界線之內的任何組合。在經濟的資源既定時，邊界線以外的各點是不能實現的。
The production possibility boundary indicates that the economy can produce any combination on or within the boundary line. When economic resources are available, points beyond the boundary line cannot be realized.
雖然現實世界生產成千上萬種物品與勞務，但我們設想一個只生產兩種物品——汽車與電腦——的經濟。汽車行業和電腦行業共同使用經濟的全部生產要素。生產可能性邊界是一個圖形，它表明在企業可以用來把要素變為產出的生產要素和生產技術為既定時，經濟所能生產的各種產量——在這種情況下是汽車和電腦——的各種組合。
Although the real world produces thousands of goods and services, we imagine an economy that produces only two kinds of goods - cars and computers. The automobile industry and the computer industry share all the production factors of the economy. The boundary of production possibility is a graph, which shows that when the production factors and production technologies that can be used by enterprises to turn factors into outputs are fixed, the economy can produce various outputs - in this case, cars and computers.
圖2是生產可能性邊界的一個例子。在這個經濟中，如果全部資源都用於汽車行業，該經濟可以生產1000輛汽車而不生產電腦。如果全部資源都用於電腦行業，該經濟可以生產3000台電腦而不生產汽車。生產可能性邊界的兩個端點代表這兩種極端的可能性。如果經濟把資源分配在兩個行業中，如圖中A點所示，可以生產700輛汽車和2000台電腦。經濟可以在生產可能性邊界上或它之內的任何一點上進行生產，但不能在該邊界以外任何一點上進行生產。
如果經濟可以利用它所得到的全部稀缺資源，就可以說這種結果是有效率的。生產可能性邊界上（而不是它以內）的點代表有效率的生產水平。生產可能性邊界表明了社會在某一時期存在交替關係。一旦我們達到了該邊界上有效率的各點，得到更多的一種物品的唯一方法就是減少另一物品。例如，當經濟從A點移動到C點時，社會生產了更多的電腦，但要以少生產汽車為代價。但隨著時間的推移這種情況會隨著外界環境的改變而改變，例如技術進步，將導致工人在同樣的時間裡可以生產即可以生產更多的車又可以生產出更多的電腦，此時邊界曲線就會整體外移。Figure 2 is an example of the production possibility boundary. In this economy, if all resources are used in the automobile industry, the economy can produce 1000 cars without producing computers. If all resources are used in the computer industry, the economy can produce 3000 computers instead of cars. The two endpoints of the production possibility boundary represent these two extreme possibilities. If the economy allocates resources in two industries, as shown in point A in the figure, 700 cars and 2000 computers can be produced. The economy can produce at any point on or within the boundary of production possibilities, but not at any point outside the boundary.
If the economy can use all the scarce resources it has obtained, it can be said that this result is efficient. The point on the production possibility boundary (not within it) represents the efficient production level. The boundary of production possibility indicates that there is an alternate relationship in society at a certain period. Once we reach the efficient points on the boundary, the only way to get more of one item is to reduce another item. For example, when the economy moves from point A to point C, society produces more computers, but at the cost of less cars. However, as time goes by, this situation will change with the change of the external environment. For example, technological progress will lead workers to produce more cars and computers at the same time. At this time, the boundary curve will move outward as a whole.
今天的分享就到這裡了，如果您對文章有獨特的想法，歡迎給我們留言。
讓我們相約明天，祝您今天過得開心快樂！
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Let us meet tomorrow I wish you a happy day today!
參考資料：《曼昆經濟學基礎》
翻譯來源：百度翻譯
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文案|雷雅婷
排版|雷雅婷
審核|閆慶紅