沃邦年終總結|2019年度GMAT考試邏輯部分全面總結

沃邦國際教育 發佈 2020-01-31T12:02:30+00:00

A.Athletes』 muscular reabsorption of oxygen is not increased when they inhale pure oxygen instead of normal air. B. High blood lactate level

Critical Reasoning

作為GMAT Verbal的一部分,Critical Reasoning (CR)同樣旨在考察考生的語言能力,尤其是邏輯推理和判斷某個推理過程是否有所欠缺的能力。從這個角度而言,CR要求考生不能僅僅只是停留在理解原文篇章字面層次的基礎上,而是必須更進一步分析和推斷才能得出答案,這或許是相當多考生認為CR的題目難度較高的一個原因。但從另一個方面來看,CR和Verbal中另兩類題型一樣全部為五個選項的單選題,而其篇章長度卻比Reading Comprehension (RC)要短得多,通常僅100字左右,一篇篇章又只出現一個問題,所以雖然CR總體題量占整個Verbal部分的三分之一偏低一些,但整體來看CR這一類型題目的『性價比』其實相當高,因而也是所有GMAT考生必須牢牢把握的一個部分。


應對CR並不需要專門的邏輯學術語和知識,事實上,GMAT的Official Guidebook(OG)明確指出基本所有的CR都只要求考生具備以下能力:


· 辨識某個論證過程的步驟和結構,區分通過合理的邏輯步驟得出的結論與不合理的結論,識別某個論證得以成立的內在前提,識別某個論證得以成立所需要的支持性證據,識別結構類似的論證之間存在的對應

· 分析並判斷何種信息能夠支持或削弱某個論證,分析某個論證不成立或某個推理不合理的理由並識別其缺陷

· 分析並評價某個行動計劃是否恰當或是否有效,分析並判斷能增加或減少某個行動計劃成功可能性的因素,分析並識別提出某個行動計劃的內在前提。


結合OG的要求和官方公布的例題來看,CR的所有題型基本可以概括為以下三大類,考生必須依次掌握這三類題型的特質、考察目的以及解題方式。


1.推斷題

CR中的推斷題是 與考生熟悉的RC最為接近的一類題型,從某種程度上而言它們都是基於原文證據(Evidence-Based),建議對於CR的考核內容感到陌生的考生可以先從這類題型開始訓練,培養自己對於CR的應對能力。

推斷題最重要的判斷標誌是其題干要求考生根據原文信息,自行得出一個結論,為此考生必須嚴格尊重原文篇章中給出的信息進行推斷,區分:

· 原文已經給出的既定事實或已知條件

· 基於這些事實或條件『一定能』得出的推論

· 基於這些事實或條件『可能』得出的推論

· 基於這些事實或條件『一定不能』得出的推論


大部分情況下推斷題要求考生從選項中選出一個必須為真的結論,但偶爾也會反其道而行要求考生選出一個必須不為真的結論。


GMAT題庫中編號CR01112正是這樣一道推斷題:

Many athletes inhale pure oxygen after exercise in an attempt to increase muscular reabsorption of oxygen. Measured continuously after exercise, however, the blood lactate levels of athletes who inhale pure oxygen are practically identical, on average, to those of athletes who breathe normal air. The lower the blood lactate level is, the higher the muscular reabsorption of oxygen is.

If the statements above are all true, they most strongly support which of the following conclusions?

A. Athletes』 muscular reabsorption of oxygen is not increased when they inhale pure oxygen instead of normal air.

B. High blood lactate levels cannot be reduced.

C. Blood lactate levels are a poor measure of oxygen reabsorption by muscles.

D. The amount of oxygen reabsorbed by an athlete’s muscles always remains constant.

E. The inhaling of pure oxygen has no legitimate role in athletics.

對於這類題型,考生在閱讀選項時一定要思考該選項描述的結論是否是在原文信息的基礎上「一定能」得出的結論,當選項提到原文中沒有提到過的信息、提到與原文中提到信息矛盾的信息、或者提到基於原文「可能」為真的結論時,該選項通常都為錯誤選項。本題中,B、D和E均為基於原文證據無法得出的結論(原文沒有斷定blood lactate level無法降低、也沒有斷定肌肉吸收氧氣的量不會發生變化、更沒有提到任何與legitimacy有關的信息),C與原文給定信息矛盾(原文最後一句已經表示兩者具有很強相關性),因此本題答案選A。


2.作用題


CR中的作用題與RC中的信息目的題十分相似,都考察考生在某個既定上下文的範圍內判斷某個細節信息的作用及其與全文主旨的聯繫,差別在於CR的作用題所要求判斷的細節信息一定為一句粗體標示的完整句子。通常情況一道題往往會針對一篇篇章中的兩句完整句子進行提問,但偶爾也會只針對一句句子進行提問。這類題型堪稱CR的基本,因其考察的正是考生識別論證過程中各個有效因素的能力,建議對於CR感到困難的考生可以先通過這類題型的訓練提升自己對於論證的理解能力。


GMAT題庫中編號CR08471正是這樣一道作用題:

Chaco Canyon, a settlement of the ancient Anasazi culture in North America, had massive buildings.It must have been a major Anasazi center. Analysis of wood samples shows that some of the timber for the buildings came from the Chuska and San Mateo mountains, 50 miles from Chaco Canyon. Only a major cultural center would have the organizational power to import timber from 50 miles away.

In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A. The first is a premise used to support the argument’s main conclusion; the second is the argument’s main conclusion.

B. The first is the argument’s main conclusion; the second is a premise used to support that conclusion.

C. The first is one of two premises used to support the argument’s main conclusion; the second is the other of those two premises.

D. The first is a premise used to support the argument’s main conclusion; the second is a premise used to support another conclusion drawn in the argument.

E. The first is inferred from another statement in the argument; the second is inferred from the first.

對於這類題型,考生應當在閱讀選項之前先自行理解和把握原文篇章中兩句粗體標示的句子與全文內容的關係,考生可以從以下幾個方面進行思考:

· 原文中哪些句子提供了背景信息

· 原文中哪些句子提供了整個論證的結論

· 原文中哪些句子提供了得出上述結論的理由


通過分析可以得出,原文的第一句句子給出的是背景信息,第二句句子(也是第一句粗體句)給出的是整個論證的結論,剩下的句子(包括第二句粗體句)給出的是得出該結論的理由,因此本題答案選B。


3.增強與削弱題


除去上述兩類,CR中剩下的所有題型基本可以全部歸為一類,雖然從題乾的要求來看這類題目的特質五花八門,但歸根結底無非都要求考生判斷選項中哪個信息能夠增強或者削弱原文論證中的結論,或者哪個信息能夠更好地判斷原文行動計劃成功或失敗的可能性。該類題型是CR中題量最多最為常見的題型,考生除了熟悉一些常見的邏輯謬誤之外,更重要的是培養一種預判的能力,在閱讀原文的過程中同時判斷原文論證有無疏漏之處,從中預測正確選項可能涵蓋的信息,提高自己的解題速度和正確率。


GMAT題庫中編號CR07304正是這樣一道削弱題:

Archaeologist: Researchers excavating a burial site in Cyprus found a feline skeleton lying near a human skeleton. Both skeletons were in the same sediment at the same depth and equally well‐preserved, suggesting that the feline and human were buried together

about 9,500 years ago. This shows that felines were domesticated around the time farming began, when they would have been useful in protecting stores of grain from mice.

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the archaeologist’s argument?

A. Archaeologists have not found any remains of stores of grain in the immediate vicinity of the burial site.

B. The burial site in Cyprus is substantially older than any other known burial site in which a feline skeleton and a human skeleton appear to have been buried together.

C. Paintings found near the burial site seem to show people keeping felines as domestic companions, but do not show felines hunting mice.

D. In Cyprus, there are many burial sites dating from around 9,500 years ago in which the remains of wild animals appear to have been buried alongside human remains.

E. Before felines were domesticated, early farmers had no effective way to protect stores of grain from mice.

對於這類題型,考生應當在閱讀原文的過程中主動尋找論證中的漏洞,尤其是原文論證中給出的結論和原文論證中給出的理由之間是否存在其他可能性,考生可以從以下幾個方面進行思考:

· 原文中哪些句子提供了背景信息

· 原文中哪些句子提供了整個論證的結論

· 原文中哪些句子提供了得出上述結論的理由

· 對於原文結論中提出的現象,有無其他、文中沒有提到的理由可以進行解釋


本題中,對於結論句提到的feline遺骸和人類遺骸同時出現的現象,未必是因為該feline被馴化後作為陪葬和人類被共同埋葬在一起,D選項即提供了這樣一個明確未被馴化的野獸遺骸和人類遺骸同時出現的反面例證,因此本題答案選D。


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