江鴻助手（五十一）——多重均衡博弈和混合策略（2）
01
分享興趣，傳播快樂，增長見聞，留下美好。親愛的您，這裡是Learningyard新學苑。今天，小編給大家帶來：江鴻助手（五十一）——多重均衡博弈和混合策略（2）。
Share interest, spread happiness, increase knowledge, leave beautiful. Dear, this is Learningyard New Academy. Today, Xiaobian brings to you: Assistant Jiang Hong (51) -- Multiple Equilibrium Games and Mixed Strategies（2）.
02
上一期我們學習了夫妻之爭的博弈問題，而在經濟活動中也有許多與之類似的博弈問題，本期我們就一起了解制式問題。
In the last video we looked at the game problem of couples fighting, and there are many similar game problems in economic activities, so in this video we'll look at the problem of rules.
03
電氣設備往往有不同的原理或相關技術標準，這些被不同的制式。如果生產相關電氣設備的廠商採用相同的制式，那麼產品零配件可以相互通用，這對於推廣各自的產品和以及在生產經營中進行合作很有幫助。
Electrical equipment often has different principles or related technical standards, and these are different standards. If the manufacturers of related electrical equipment adopt the same standard, then the product parts and accessories can be common to each other, which is helpful for promoting their own products and cooperating in production and operation.
04
假設有兩個廠商同時計劃引進彩電生產線，而彩電有A、B兩種制式，這時候兩個廠商在選擇制式的問題上就存在一個博弈。當兩個廠商同採用A制式時，廠商1有1單位好處，廠商2有3單位好處，同時採用B制式時兩個廠商都有2單位好處，而制式不同時雙方都沒有好處。
Suppose there are two manufacturers planning to introduce color TV production line at the same time, and color TV has two kinds of system A and B, at this time, there is a game between the two manufacturers in choosing the system. When two manufacturers adopt the same form A, manufacturer 1 has 1 unit of benefit, manufacturer 2 has 3 units of benefit, and when they adopt the same form B, both manufacturers have 2 units of benefit, but neither of them has any benefit when the system is different.
05
與夫妻之爭類似，這個博弈也有兩個純策略納什均衡，分別為「都選擇A制式」和「都選擇B制式」。從最終的得益情況來看，廠商1更偏向後一個均衡，廠商2則相反，因此博弈的最終結果並沒有確定的答案。而如果此博弈採用和夫妻之爭博弈相同的分析方法，最終得到類似的結果：兩人的期望得益沒有任何一個納什均衡的得益更高。
Similar to the husband and wife battle, there are two pure strategy Nash equilibria in this game, namely "both choose A" and "both choose B". From the perspective of the final benefit, firm 1 prefers the latter equilibrium, while firm 2 does the opposite, so there is no definite answer to the final result of the game. And if this game uses the same analysis as the couples' war game, it ends up with a similar result: the expected benefit for the two is no greater than the benefit for either Nash equilibrium.
06
所以，兩博弈方採取不相互協商，各自獨立選擇制式的方法是不理想的。而如果他們通過協商，共同決定採用兩個純策略納什均衡中的某一個，雙方的得益都比混合策略均衡的期望得益更高。這個結果證明了在許多經濟問題中，不同廣商各自為政的行為方式常常是低效率的。
Therefore, it is not ideal for the two game parties to choose the standard independently without mutual consultation. And if they negotiate and decide to adopt one of the two pure strategy Nash equilibria, they both get better off than the mixed strategy equilibrium would expect. This result proves that in many economic problems, the independent behavior of different businessmen is often inefficient.
07
今天的分享就到這裡，如果您對今天的文章有獨特的見解，歡迎給我們留言，讓我們相約明天，祝您今天過得開心快樂！
Today's share is here, if you have a unique view of today's article, welcome to leave us a message, let us meet tomorrow, I wish you a happy today!
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參考文獻：《經濟博弈論》（第四版）謝識予，復旦大學出版社
圖片來源於凡科快圖和iThoughts
翻譯來源於有道在線翻譯
文案--閆慶紅
排版--閆慶紅
審核--吳金育