原文標題：
The Human Genome Project at 20
Epic ambition
The genomics revolution has transformed biology. Its work is not over yet
雄心壯志
基因組學革命改變了生物學，它的工作尚未結束
Big science
Yet for genomics to become a part of everyday medicine, the hard work is still ahead
大科學
然而，要使基因組學成為日常醫學的一部分，仍需努力
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TWENTY YEARS ago the Human Genome Project (HGP) unveiled a mostly complete sequence of the roughly 3bn base pairs of DNA found in every set of human
chromosomes.
20年前，人類基因組計劃（HGP）公布了每組人類染色體中約30 億個 DNA 的基本完整序列。
The project was chock-full of ego and hype, but also heralded the rapid improvements and dramatically lower costs of sequencing.
This fed the success of the burgeoning field of genomics, which has transformed biology and medicine—and still holds plenty of promise.
這促進了新興的基因組學領域的成功，基因組學已經改變了生物學和醫學--且還有很多潛力。
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Genomics has added a new dimension to the study of life and evolution. It has helped scientists understand genes and proteins, and how they govern the growth and function of cells.
CRISPR gene editing—a way to precisely modify the DNA in cells—gives researchers a handle on cellular function and dysfunction.
CRISPR基因編輯——一種精確修改細胞DNA的方法——讓研究人員能夠處理細胞功能和功能障礙。
The first treatments based on gene editing could be approved within a year.
首批基於基因編輯的治療可能會在一年內獲得批准。
Plant scientists have acquired ways to create disease- and heat-resistant crops.
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The era of cheap genome sequencing opened the doors to biology as a data science.
廉價基因組測序時代開啟了生物學作為數據科學的大門。
The data and findings from the HGP came close to being hidden behind patents.
HGP的數據和發現差點就被專利掩蓋。
Instead they were opened up to the public, which proved crucial—a useful lesson for other big projects.
反而，它們向公眾開放很重要——對其他大型項目來說也非常有用。
Biologists』 databases now hold the sequences of millions of people and other organisms.
This has helped draw links between genes, traits and diseases and also enhanced scientists』 understanding of evolution.
這有助於建立基因、特徵和疾病之間的聯繫，並增強科學家對進化的理解。
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Most of the revolution’s tangible effects have been in medicine.
基因組學革命的大部分實際影響都體現在醫學領域。
Screening for serious but treatable genetic diseases is already possible.
篩查嚴重但可治療的遺傳性疾病已經成為可能。
Cancer is largely the result of genetics gone awry. Sequencing the genome has become a routine part of treating many tumours.
Doing so allows doctors to work out which mutations the cancer has and therefore which course of treatment is likely to work best.
這些操作可以讓醫生找出癌症的突變位置，從而確定效果最好的治療方案。
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Genomics will increasingly inform doctors』 decisions.
基因組學將越來越多地影響醫生的決策。
Starting later this year, 100,000 babies in England will have their genomes sequenced and screened for around 200 conditions.
Each disease is rare; together, they affect nearly one in 200 children. Early detection means early treatment, and a higher chance of a better outcome.
每種疾病都是罕見病；但總體而言，它們共同影響了將近二百分之一的兒童。早發現意味著早治療，治癒的機率就更高。
The hope is that, in time, the precise variations in many hundreds of locations on a person’s genome will guide doctors.
希望隨著時間的推移，一個人基因組上數百個精確變異點將為醫生提供指導。
They seem likely to become a factor in assessments of whether a patient is likely to develop conditions such as cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes.
他們似乎有可能成為評估患者是否會患上心血管疾病和2型糖尿病等疾病的一項指標。
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Yet for the genomics revolution to realise its potential, plenty more can be done.
然而，要讓基因組學革命充分發揮潛力，還有許多工作要做。
Sequencing has fallen in cost from over $50m a genome at the end of the HGP to a few hundred dollars today, but making it even cheaper and more convenient would allow it to be more widely available.
基因組測序的成本已經從HGP2003年結束時的每個基因組的 5000 多萬美元下降到今天的幾百美元，但價格還可以更低，這樣就可以進行更方便且更廣泛的應用。
People’s genetic sequences need to be integrated into their medical records, requiring data infrastructure, digitised records, and the setting of robust security and privacy standards.
人們的基因序列需要整合到他們的病歷中，這需要數據基礎設施、數位化記錄以及強大的安全和隱私標準的設置。
Scientists must also continue to collect more diverse data, beyond those of patients in the rich world. That will help them understand variations in the genome.
科學家還必須繼續收集更多樣化的數據，而不僅僅是發達國家患者的數據。這將幫助他們理解基因組中的變異。
Some projects, such as the Three Million African Genomes and GenomeAsia 100k, are already under way.
一些項目已在進行中，如300萬非洲人基因組計劃和10萬亞洲人基因組計劃。
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The science will need to progress further, too.
科學也需要進一步發展。
Researchers now have a decent understanding of diseases that are affected by single genes.
研究人員現在對受單個基因影響的疾病有了很好的理解。
But they do not yet have a good grasp of how genes interact with each other.
但他們還沒有很好地理解基因之間的相互作用。
And much is unclear about the interplay between groups of genes and people’s environments.
關於基因組與人類環境之間的相互作用，還有很多不清楚的地方。
Nature versus nurture was once a popular debate in genetics but these days is largely seen as a false dichotomy.
先天還是後天曾經是遺傳學領域的熱門辯論話題，但如今在很大程度上被認為是錯誤的二極體思維。
With genomes as with much successful research, the more you find out, the more you realise that you do not have the whole story.
同許多成功的研究一樣，對於基因組，你發現的越多，你就越意識到你並沒有了解全貌。
（恭喜讀完，本篇英語詞彙量632左右）
原文出自：2023年4月15日《The Economist》Leaders版塊
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本文翻譯整理: Irene
本文編輯校對: Irene
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【補充資料】（來自於網絡）
基因組學Genomics是研究生物基因組的組成，組內各基因的精確結構、相互關係及表達調控的科學。該學科提供基因組信息以及相關數據系統利用，試圖解決生物，醫學，和工業領域的重大問題。基因組學、轉錄組學、蛋白質組學與代謝組學等一同構成系統生物學的組學（omics）生物技術基礎。
人類基因組計劃The Human Genome Project
是歷史上最偉大的科學成就之一。該計劃是由一組國際研究人員領導的生物學發現之旅，旨在全面研究一組有機體的所有DNA（稱為基因組）。該計劃於1990年啟動，於2003年完成。它的主要目標是確定人類基因組中的所有基因，並確定它們的序列。這項工作需要開發新技術，例如自動化DNA測序和計算機分析。這項工作還需要大量的協調和合作，以便研究人員可以共享數據和資源。
CRISPR基因編輯是一種基於細菌CRISPR-Cas9抗病毒防禦系統的分子生物學遺傳工程技術，可以修改生物體的基因組。這種技術可以用於治療遺傳性疾病、癌症和其他疾病，也可以用於改善農作物和畜牧業。CRISPR基因編輯技術具有許多優點，例如速度快、成本低、精度高、可重複性好等。但是，它也存在一些問題，例如可能會引起意外的副作用、可能會導致不可預測的後果、可能會導致不可逆轉的變化等。
GenomeAsia 100K項目成立於2016年，由Macrogen、盆唐首爾大學醫院精準醫療中心、新加坡南洋理工大學、印度基因組分析企業MedGenome和美國羅氏集團子公司Genentech等組成，旨在對生活在亞洲的10萬人（64個國家或地區的219個群體）的基因組進行測序，在全球公開的亞洲人基因組數據中涵蓋最多的亞洲區域和人種。
【重點句子】（4個）
Genomics has added a new dimension to the study of life and evolution. It has helped scientists understand genes and proteins, and how they govern the growth and function of cells.
基因組學為生命和進化的研究增加了一個新的維度。它幫助科學家理解基因和蛋白質，以及它們如何控制細胞的生長和功能。
Genomics will increasingly inform doctors』 decisions.
基因組學將越來越多地影響醫生的決策。
Nature versus nurture was once a popular debate in genetics but these days is largely seen as a false dichotomy.
先天還是後天曾經是遺傳學領域的熱門辯論話題，但如今在很大程度上被認為是錯誤的二極體思維。