Research methods are essential tools that psychologists can use to help us understand human and animal behaviour. 研究方法是心理學家可以用來幫助我們理解人類和動物行為的基本工具。
Experiments 實驗
• describe the main features of each type of experiment 描述每種類型的實驗的主要特點
– laboratory 實驗室
– field 野外
– natural 自然實驗
• evaluate each type of experiment, in terms of 從以下方面評價每種類型的實驗:
– reliability 可靠性
– validity 有效性
– ethics 倫理性
• evaluate the use of experiments in psychological research, including the use of experimental and control conditions 評價心理學研究中實驗的使用，包括實驗和控制條件的使用
• apply knowledge of experiments to a novel research situation 將實驗的知識應用於新的研究情況
Self-reports 自我報告
• describe the main features of a questionnaire, including open and closed questions 描述問卷調查的主要特點，包括開放式和封閉式問題
• describe the main features of an interview, including structured/ unstructured/semi-structured 描述訪談的主要特徵，包括結構化/非結構化/半結構化的訪談
• evaluate the use of self-reports in psychological research 評價自我報告在心理學研究中的應用
• apply knowledge of self-reports to a novel research situation 將自我報告的知識應用於一個新的研究場合
Case studies 案例研究
• describe the main features of a case study 描述案例研究的主要特點
• evaluate the use of case studies in psychological research 評價案例研究在心理學研究中的應用
• apply knowledge of case studies to a novel research situation 將案例研究的知識應用於一個新的研究環境中
Observation 觀察
• describe the main features of an observation (e.g. overt/covert, participant/non-participant, structured/unstructured, naturalistic/controlled) 描述觀察的主要特徵（如公開/隱蔽、參與/非參與、結構化/非結構化、自然的/控制的）
• evaluate the use of observations in psychological research 評價觀察在心理學研究中的應用
• apply knowledge of observations to a novel research situation 將觀察的知識應用於一個新的研究環境
Correlations 相互關係
• describe positive and negative correlations 描述正相關和負相關的關係
• evaluate the use of correlations in psychological research, including causality 評價心理學研究中相關關係的使用，包括因果關係
• apply knowledge of correlations to a novel research situation 將相關知識應用於新的研究情景中
Hypotheses and aims 假設和目的
• recognise and write aims and directional (one-tailed) and non-directional (two-tailed) hypotheses and null hypotheses 認識並寫出目標、定向（單尾）和非定向（雙尾）的假設和無效假設。
Variables 變量
• describe what is meant by an independent variable and a dependent variable 描述自變量和因變量的含義
• identify independent variables and dependent variables in studies 確定研究中的自變量和因變量
• understand what is meant by 『operationalisation』 理解什麼是 "操作化 "的含義
• operationalise 操作化:
– an independent variable 一個自變量
– a dependent variable 一個因變量
• apply knowledge of variables to a novel research situation 將有關變量的知識應用於新的研究環境中
Experimental design 實驗設計
• describe and evaluate experimental designs as used in psychological research (independent measures, matched pairs and repeated measures) 描述和評價心理學研究中使用的實驗設計（獨立測量、配對和重複測量）
• apply knowledge of experimental designs to a novel research situation, including counterbalancing, random allocation, order effects (fatigue and practice) 將實驗設計的知識應用於新的研究情況，包括平衡、隨機分配、順序效應（疲勞和練習）
Controlling of variables 變量的控制
• describe how psychologists can control variables in a study 描述心理學家如何控制研究中的變量
• understand the difference between controlling variables and standardisation of a procedure, including extraneous, uncontrolled, participant and situational variables 理解控制變量和程序標準化之間的區別，包括外在的、不受控制的、參與者的和情景的變量
• apply knowledge of controls to a novel research situation 將有關控制的知識應用於新的研究情況
Types of data 數據的類型
• describe what is meant by quantitative and qualitative data 描述定量和定性數據的含義
• evaluate the use of quantitative and qualitative data as collected in psychological research 評價心理學研究中收集的定量和定性數據的使用情況
• apply knowledge of quantitative data and qualitative data to a novel research situation 將定量數據和定性數據的知識應用於新的研究情景中
Sampling of participants 參與者的抽樣
• describe what is meant by the sample and population, opportunity sampling, random sampling and volunteer (self-selecting) sampling 描述什麼是樣本和人口、機會抽樣、隨機抽樣和自願（自我選擇）抽樣的含義
• evaluate different sampling techniques as used in psychological research including generalisations 評價心理學研究中使用的不同抽樣技術，包括概括性的抽樣技術
• apply knowledge of sampling techniques to a novel research situation 將抽樣技術的知識應用於新的研究情況
Ethics 倫理學
• describe ethical guidelines as used in psychological research, in relation to human participants 描述心理學研究中使用的與人類參與者有關的倫理準則
– informed consent 知情同意
– protection from harm (physical and psychological) 保護免受傷害（身體和心理）
– right to withdraw 撤回權
– lack of deception 沒有欺騙行為
– confidentiality 保密性
– privacy 隱私
– debriefing 匯報情況
• describe ethical guidelines as used in psychological research, in relation to animals 描述用於心理學研究的與動物有關的倫理準則
– replacement 替換
– species and strain 品種和品系
– numbers 數量
– procedures 程序
– pain and distress 疼痛和苦惱
– housing 住房
– reward 獎勵
– deprivation and aversive stimuli 剝奪和厭惡性刺激
– anaesthesia 麻醉
– analgesia 鎮痛
– euthanasia 安樂死
• evaluate studies based on ethical guidelines 根據道德準則評估研究
• apply knowledge of ethical guidelines to a novel research situation 將倫理準則的知識用於新的研究情況
Validity 有效性
• describe different types of validity, including ecological validity 描述不同類型的效度，包括生態效度
• evaluate studies based on their validity, subjectivity/objectivity, demand characteristics, generalisability 根據研究的有效性、主觀/客觀性、需求特徵、普遍性對研究進行評價
• apply knowledge of validity to a novel research situation 將有效性的知識應用於新的研究情況
Reliability 可靠性
• describe different types of reliability, including inter-rater and inter-observer reliability, test-retest reliability 描述不同類型的可靠性，包括測量者之間和觀察者之間的可靠性，測試-復驗可靠性
• evaluate studies based on their reliability 根據研究的可靠性對其進行評價
• apply knowledge of reliability to a novel research situation 將有關可靠性的知識應用於新的研究情況
Data analysis 數據分析
• understand the meaning of 『measure of central tendency』 and 『measure of spread』 理解 "中心傾向測量 "和 "擴散測量 "的含義
• understand when it is most appropriate to use different measures 了解何時使用不同的測量方法最為合適
• name, recognise and know how to find a 命名、識別並知道如何找到一個:
– mean 平均數
– median 中位數
– mode 模式
– range 範圍
• name, recognise, know how to draw and interpret data from a 命名、認識並知道如何從下列數據中畫出和解釋:
– bar chart 條形圖
– histogram 柱狀圖
– scatter graph 散點圖
• recognise, interpret and understand 認識、解釋和理解:
– standard deviation 標準差
– normal distribution 正態分布